Date:  16 September 2022

Co-authored by Jim Roberts, Anemone Consultants, and Hannah Hendriks, DOC’s Marine Technical Advisor, the research paper examines climate change in relation to marine mammals’ habitat, distribution, food sources and predators.

It looked at how specific climate change hazards, such as increasing sea temperatures, rising sea levels, changes in ocean circulation and effects on prey species, would impact marine mammals around New Zealand.

The report identifies changes in food supply as the biggest threat to marine mammals in New Zealand waters.  

“This is likely to impact populations including kekeno/New Zealand fur seal in the Westland region and blue whales foraging at the South Taranaki Bight,” says Hannah Hendriks.

“Māui dolphins also appear vulnerable, based on their location at the warm end of the species' range and an apparent low availability of prey species.”

Projected changes to the New Zealand environment include sea surface temperatures rising more than 3^oC, changes in atmospheric climate and oceanographic circulation, rising sea levels, and widespread ocean acidification.  

“As a result, it is possible species normally living in warmer subtropical waters like the dense-beaked whale, dwarf sperm whale, pan-tropical spotted dolphin, short-finned pilot whale and pygmy killer whale, will become more common around New Zealand, and potentially outcompeting some of the marine mammals we currently see,” says Hannah.

“Similarly, species that live in cooler subantarctic waters could become sparser around New Zealand as they move south.”

This review shows changes to the environment won’t be felt equally in all parts of New Zealand.

The waters surrounding the North Island and off the west coast of the South Island may be particularly affected by oceanic warming, reducing the productivity of phytoplankton and associated food webs, whereas the subantarctic region is projected to become more productive. 

DOC’s Climate Change Adaptation Action Plan outlines measures that will be taken in the next three years to reduce the risks posed by the changing climate, as part of the Government’s National Adaptation Plan.

"Some marine mammal populations around New Zealand already appear badly affected by climatic changes in recent decades. The distribution of our resident pygmy blue whales has been observed to be different during warmer years, thought to be due changes in location of krill aggregations in response to the warm sea temperatures and the effect on upwelling.”

“Seal pup production has declined at West Coast fur seal colonies (due to high pup mortality and lightweight pups) which is correlated with increased sea temperatures and could be reducing the availability of their fish prey, and the exceptionally high mortality rate of NZ sea lion pups at Campbell Island/Motu Ihupuku in early 2020 was partially attributed to extreme cold and wet weather early in the breeding season.”

“Under the business-as-usual emissions mitigation scenario, the impacts on marine mammals by the end of the century are likely to be profound, particularly for species and populations that are least able to adapt,” says Jim Roberts from Anemone.

“It will be important to consider how we can get our native species well-placed to be resilient to change and support them to adapt to their new environments. This will likely include reducing other stressors such as fisheries management and being adaptive with protected areas,” says Hannah Hendriks.

Background

The paper was co-authored by Jim Roberts (Anemone) and Hannah Hendriks (DOC) and reviewed the evidence for climate change effects on New Zealand’s marine mammals.

The review looked how they might respond to changes by the end of this century when assuming the business-as-usual emissions mitigation scenario used by the Intergovernmental Panel for Climate Change.  (Representative Concentration Pathway 8.5 – the IPCC’s least stringent mitigation and highest emission pathway).

Read the paper (PDF, 2,402K)

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