Paradise duck / pūtakitaki / pūtangitangi

Unusually for ducks, the female paradise shelduck is more eye-catching than the male; females have a pure white head and chestnut-coloured body, while males have a dark grey body and black head.

Paradise shelducks are commonly observed flying in pairs or grazing on pasture. They are very vocal birds, with males giving a characteristic ‘zonk zonk’, while females make a more shrill ‘zeek zeek’ while flying or as a warning to intruders.

The female (background) is more eye-catching than the male

Where to find them

Paradise shelducks breed only in New Zealand and are widely distributed in pasture, tussock grasslands and wetlands throughout the mainland and offshore islands.

Unlike other native duck species in New Zealand, the paradise shelduck has benefited from the extensive human modification of natural landscapes throughout the country.

Paradise shelducks were uncommon and declining during the nineteenth century due to over-hunting, but they have increased throughout the country since then.

Stricter regulations on hunting, the creation of numerous stock ponds, and the conversion of native forest to pasture have all helped the paradise shelduck.

Breeding

Paradise shelducks first breed in their second or third year and pairs stay together for life and return to the same nesting area year after year.

They nest under logs, in holes in the ground, in haysheds and occasionally in tree holes up to 25 metres off the ground. They lay one clutch of up to 10 eggs per year in August or September.

The female incubates eggs for about one month, during which time she leaves the nest two or three times each day for about an hour at a time to get food. After the eggs hatch, the male and female share the parenting.

Ducklings are covered in brown and white down when they are born, but by the time they fledge at eight weeks, they resemble adult males. The female fledglings have white patches around their eyes and bill, which will expand to their entire head after a few months.

Quick facts

• Adults don't generally move about, but they do leave their territories and flock together each year to moult
• Moulting happens from December – February. Moulting birds were important food source for early Māori.
• Their average life expectancy is only 2.3 years although some individuals live much longer, with the oldest recorded bird living 23 years.
• Paradise shelducks feed on grass, clover, aquatic vegetation and crops of peas or grain.
• Because these ducks spend large amounts of time feeding on pastures, often in large groups, farmers consider them pests and occasional, legal culls take place.
• Generally however, hunting is controlled through bag limits and seasonal permits, which are set based on the birds’ productivity and movements in each part of the country.

Did you know?

Australia has its own shelduck species, the chestnutbreasted shelduck. This shelduck occasionally finds its way to New Zealand, where it was first recorded in 1973 at Hokitika.

Small invasions occurred during the 1980s, with flocks of up to 22 birds recorded throughout the North and South Islands and our sub-Antarctic islands.

Today the Australian species maintains a tenuous hold in New Zealand, with perhaps fewer than 20 birds remaining, mostly in Marlborough.

Sound recording

Paradise duck song (MP3, 1,135K)
01:12 – Pair giving breeding calls on territory and displaying pair bond (female has higher pitched call, male has wheezy call).

Our bird songs can be reused, even commercially, according to our copyright terms.

Labrador dog with paradise sheldrake in mouth

Female paradise duck

Threats

While paradise shelducks are widespread and common, periods of local decline sometimes occur because of over-hunting.

Introduced predators and the draining of wetlands are also threats to paradise ducks, although these dangers are, in most cases, outweighed by the large amount of pasture and grassland habitat available to them.

You can help

You can help protect the paradise shelduck by adhering to your local hunting regulations, and by reporting any misconduct to your local Fish & Game office.

Keeping wetlands free of pollutants and stock will help ducks as well as many other native species.

More information about hunting permits and restrictions can be obtained from your local Fish & Game office.

On your property

• Trap predators on your property.
• Be a responsible cat owner.

In your community

• Find and volunteer with your local community group 
• Trap predators in your community
• Get kids or schools involved

See Predator Free 2050 Trust - get involved for information.

Visiting parks, beaches, rivers, and lakes

• Leave nesting birds alone.
• Use available access ways to get to the beach. 
• Avoid leaving old fishing lines in the water.
• Follow the water care code and local navigation bylaws.
• Do not drive on riverbeds, or keep to formed tracks if you have to.
• Check for pests if visiting pest-free islands.

With your dog

• Only take dogs to areas that allow them, and keep them under control.
• If you come across wildlife put your dog on a lead and lead it away. 
• Warn other dog owners at the location.
• Notify DOC if you see wildlife being harassed by people or dogs.
• Get your dog trained in avian awareness.
• Learn about the Lead the Way programme which encourages dog owners to become wildlife wise and know how to act to protect coastal wildlife.

Specific ways to keep wildlife safe while with your dog on beaches.